The origins of these motor abnormalities could lie in afferent deficits or efferent motor processing ( Chung et al. Beyond issues related to eye alignment and vergence, studies of humans with amblyopia have revealed disruption of fixational, saccadic, and optokinetic nystagmus movements.

Interestingly, a number of studies in which sensory input has been disrupted have also demonstrated abnormalities in motor function. Reduced binocular function with habitual interocular suppression is also often observed ( Gandhi et al. These intervention studies of animal models in combination with behavioral studies of humans who experienced disrupted early visual experience have revealed a broad range of associated abnormalities, including reductions in acuity (the typical clinical definition of amblyopia) as well as contrast sensitivity at middle and high spatial frequencies, misperception of spatial position, failure to recognize form, and inability to detect motion in three dimensions. The Consequences of Disrupted Visual Experience 2017, Horton & Hocking 1997, Shooner et al. Studies of disrupted visual experience now include behavioral visual responses, single-unit recordings, various forms of histological mapping, and examination of multiunit response properties in striate and extrastriate cortex ( Arcaro et al. 2017, Wiesel 1982), whereas anisometropia was introduced with unilateral atropine drops or by placing a defocusing lens before one eye (e.g., Movshon et al. Misalignment of the eyes was introduced with surgery or prism-rearing (e.g., Kiorpes & Boothe 1980, Smith et al.

Other studies of animal models have adopted analogues to the conditions more commonly associated with amblyopia in humans: strabismus and anisometropia.

Important clinical parallels to this intervention exist in humans (e.g., ptosis, cataract, or corneal opacity during infancy) ( Rabin et al. Some have revealed the impact of monocular visual deprivation on the development of the primary visual cortex ( Wiesel 1982). Studies of disrupted visual experience in animal models have typically examined the impact of experimentally degraded afferent sensory input. Interventions Used to Study the Impact of Disrupted Visual Experience on Sensory Function

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